Sodium, primarily found in extracellular fluid, is the chief cation responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure, fluid balance, and pH homeostasis. Though less abundant in intracellular fluid and bone, sodium still contributes to these vital functions. The electrochemical gradient established by the separation of sodium and potassium across cell membranes is the basis of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
Minerals also regulate various biochemical processes. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine, a hormone controlling metabolism. Chromium enhances insulin activity, while iron forms the core of hemoglobin, facilitating oxygen transport. These elements are crucial to hormone production and enzymatic activity, with deficiencies leading to metabolic disorders such as hypothyroidism, anemia, and insulin resistance.
Calcium also functions as a catalyst in blood clotting, while zinc and magnesium serve as cofactors in hundreds of enzymatic reactions. Many minerals assist in the absorption of nutrients and the metabolism of macronutrients, further influencing energy production and cellular health.
Dissolved minerals maintain nerve function, muscle contraction, and the acid-base balance of body fluids. They also regulate vital signs such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. When deficient, mineral imbalances may cause clinical conditions, which are often reversible with dietary correction or supplementation. Additionally, their biochemical properties enable minerals to be harnessed in food processing, improving nutritional content and preservation.
Essential Functions of Minerals in the Human Body
